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The signs and symptoms of frontal lobe disorder can be indicated by dysexecutive syndrome [7] which consists of a number of symptoms which tend to occur together. [8] Broadly speaking, these symptoms fall into three main categories; cognitive (movement and speech), emotional or behavioral.
The most frequent cause of the syndrome is brain damage to the frontal lobe. Brain damage leading to the dysexecutive pattern of symptoms can result from physical trauma such as a blow to the head or a stroke [6] or other internal trauma. It is important to note that frontal lobe damage is not the only cause of the syndrome.
Negative symptoms are tied to potential dysfunction in the frontal lobe. While neuroimaging studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding brain volume, metabolism, and blood flow, functional neuroimaging during specific tasks demonstrates underactivation of the frontal cortex in schizophrenia.
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts of the human brain. It undergoes a prolonged period of maturation which lasts into adulthood. [1] The DLPFC is not an anatomical structure, but rather a functional one.
Thus, while Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative condition, causes executive dysfunction, a disorder such as ADHD is a classification given to a set of subjectively-determined symptoms implicating executive dysfunction – models from the 1990s and 2000s indicate that such clinical symptoms are caused by executive dysfunction. [13] [18]
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain. The ventral medial prefrontal is located in the frontal lobe at the bottom of the cerebral hemispheres and is implicated in the processing of risk and fear , as it is critical in the regulation of amygdala activity in humans. [ 2 ]
The symptoms observed in bvFTD are caused by dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex; thus these two neuropsychological tests might be useful in detecting early-stage bvFTD. However, as self-monitoring and somatic marker processes are so complex, it likely involves other brain regions.
Neurological imaging has shown that TMoA is typically caused by an infarct of the anterior superior frontal lobe in the perisylvian area [6] of the left, or language-dominant, hemisphere. [1] The anterior superior frontal lobe is known as the prefrontal cortex which is responsible for the initiation and ideation of verbal speech. [7]