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A sundown town is an all-White community that shows or has shown hostility toward non-Whites. Sundown town practices may be evoked in the form of city ordinances barring people of color after dark, exclusionary covenants for housing opportunity, signage warning ethnic groups to vacate, unequal treatment by local law enforcement, and unwritten rules permitting harassment.
Barrett Station; Bear Creek, Texas (Dallas County) Douglass Community; Clarksville Historic District (Austin,TX) Deep Ellum, Dallas; Ellis Alley, San Antonio; Elm Thicket, Dallas
Sundown towns, also known as sunset towns, gray towns, or sundowner towns, were all-white municipalities or neighborhoods in the United States. They were towns that practice a form of racial segregation by excluding non-whites via some combination of discriminatory local laws, intimidation or violence. They were most prevalent before the 1950s.
The Model Cities Program was an element of U.S. President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty. The concept was presented by labor leader Walter Reuther to President Johnson in an off-the-record White House meeting on May 20, 1965. [ 1 ]
In the United States, a freedmen's town was an African American municipality or community built by freedmen, formerly enslaved people who were emancipated during and after the American Civil War. These towns emerged in a number of states, most notably Texas. [1] They are also known as freedom colonies, from the title of a book by Sitton and ...
1970: Image:BlankMap-World-1970.png; 1985: Image:BlankMap-World-1985.png – World before the fall of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany (including West Berlin), and Yemen, and dissolution of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, and the independence of East Timor and Eritrea. Nominally from 1985. 1990: Image:BlankMap-World-1990.png
This is a list of planned cities (sometimes known as planned communities or new towns) by country. Additions to this list should be cities whose overall form (as opposed to individual neighborhoods or expansions) has been determined in large part in advance on a drawing board, or which were planned to a degree which is unusual for their time and place.
East Palo Alto – one of Silicon Valley's largest Black percentage cities, declined from a Black majority or plurality in 1970s and 1980s (17% from 2010) Emeryville. Fairfield. Tolenas; Folsom (historic Negro Bar). Fresno. Edison (Southwest Fresno) Hayward – communities found in Jackson Triangle, North Hayward, and Upper B Street areas ...