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The product is isolated from the mixture by the following work-up: [3] Synthesis of 4-methylcyclohexene with work-up step in red. A concentrated solution of sodium chloride in water, known as a brine solution, is added to the mixture and the layers are allowed to separate. The brine is used to remove any acid or water from the organic layer.
Acid–base extraction is a subclass of liquid–liquid extractions and involves the separation of chemical species from other acidic or basic compounds. [1] It is typically performed during the work-up step following a chemical synthesis to purify crude compounds [2] and results in the product being largely free of acidic or basic impurities.
The last step in the catalytic pathway of the Negishi coupling is reductive elimination, which is thought to proceed via a three coordinate transition state, yielding the coupled organic product and regenerating the Pd(0) catalyst. For this step to occur, the aforementioned cis- alkyl organopalladium complex must be formed. [15]
This organic reaction can be employed to convert α-haloester and ketone or aldehyde to a β-hydroxyester. Acid is needed to protonate the resulting alkoxide during work up. The initial step is an oxidative addition of zinc metal into the carbon-halogen bond, thus forming a carbon-zinc enolate.
Decarboxylation is one of the oldest known organic reactions. It is one of the processes assumed to accompany pyrolysis and destructive distillation. Overall, decarboxylation depends upon stability of the carbanion synthon R −, [1] [2] although the anion may not be a true chemical intermediate.
An example of the E1cB reaction mechanism in the degradation of a hemiketal under basic conditions. The E1cB elimination reaction is a type of elimination reaction which occurs under basic conditions, where the hydrogen to be removed is relatively acidic, while the leaving group (such as -OH or -OR) is a relatively poor one.
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A tricoordinate phosphorus, used on account of the high reactivity, is tagged with a cyanoethyl protecting group on a free oxygen. After the coupling step follows an oxidation to phosphate, whereby the protecting group stays attached. Free OH-groups, which did not react in the coupling step, are acetylated in an intermediate step.
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