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The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are ... Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle ...
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), also known as cell division protein kinase 4, is an enzyme that is encoded by the CDK4 gene in humans. CDK4 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, a group of serine/threonine kinases which regulate the cell cycle. [ 4 ]
These are usually separated into cell-cycle CDKs, which regulate cell-cycle transitions and cell division, and transcriptional CDKs, which mediate gene transcription. CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK6, and CDK7 are directly related to the regulation of cell-cycle events, while CDK7 – 11 are associated with transcriptional regulation. [1]
Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. [5] [6] Chk1 coordinates the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoint response. [7]
Cyclins were originally discovered by R. Timothy Hunt in 1982 while studying the cell cycle of sea urchins. [2] [3]In an interview for "The Life Scientific" (aired on 13/12/2011) hosted by Jim Al-Khalili, R. Timothy Hunt explained that the name "cyclin" was originally named after his hobby cycling.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. [5]
This gene, identified as PLSTIRE was translated into a protein that interacted with the cyclins CD1, CD2 and CD3 (same as CDK4), but that was different from CDK4; the protein was then renamed CDK6 for simplicity. [7] In mammalian cells, cell cycle is activated by CDK6 in the early G1 phase [13] through interactions with cyclins D1, D2 and D3. [7]