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Sonoco is the world's largest producer of tubes, cores, and fiber concrete columns under the brand name Sonotube concrete forms [5] and a leading manufacturer of blow-molded plastic containers, consumer and industrial thermoformed plastic packaging, engineered molded and extruded plastic products, rigid paperboard containers, and convenience closures.
String course (Belt course or Band course): A decorative horizontal row of masonry, narrower than the other courses, that extends across the façade of a structure or wraps around decorative elements like columns. [1] [2] [4] Sill course: Stone masonry courses at the windowsill, projected out from the wall. [1]
Creep and shrinkage of concrete are two physical properties of concrete. The creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral aggregates), is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and polymers.
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, [3] crushed slag or concrete, or slate. Cement-bound materials come in multiple types. Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected, with thickness usually 100 to 150 millimetres (4 to 6 in ), and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers.
TXI was founded in 1946. In 1994, with an annual revenue of $614M, the company ranked 500th on the Fortune 500 list by annual revenue. [2] [ FN 1]. In January 2014, Martin Marietta Materials (), a rival provider of construction materials, agreed to buy TXI for $2.06 billion in stock.
H-beam sections (typical column sections, due to resistance to bending in all axis) may be driven at angles "raked" to rock or other firmer soils; the H-beams are left extended above the base. A reinforced concrete plug may be placed under the water, a process known as tremie concrete placement. When the caisson is dewatered, this plug acts as ...
Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. ASTM Standard C1202-10. Standard Test Method for Surface Resistivity of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. Washington, D.C., USA: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2011. AASHTO TP 95.