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  2. Arduino Uno - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino_UNO

    The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2010. [2][3] The microcontroller board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other ...

  3. Operational transconductance amplifier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_trans...

    Unlike the traditional op-amp, it has two additional biasing inputs, I abc and I bias. The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an amplifier that outputs a current proportional to its input voltage. Thus, it is a voltage controlled current source (VCCS). Three types of OTAs are single-input single-output, differential-input single ...

  4. Operational amplifier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier

    This offset voltage can create offsets or drifting in the operational amplifier. Input offset voltage Input offset voltage is a voltage required across the op amp's input terminals to drive the output voltage to zero. [11] [nb 3] In the perfect amplifier, there would be no input offset voltage. However, it exists because of imperfections in the ...

  5. LM358 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM358

    The LM358 is a low-power dual operational amplifier integrated circuit, originally introduced by National Semiconductor. [1] It uses a single power supply from +3 to +30 volts for V CC (though some variants go higher, such as 36 volts for the LM358B). Input voltage can range from −0.3 volts to V CC. Small negative input voltages below ground ...

  6. Schmitt trigger - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitt_trigger

    T and − T are the switching thresholds, and M and − M are the output voltage levels. In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with hysteresis implemented by applying positive feedback to the noninverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is an active circuit which converts an analog input signal to a ...

  7. Input offset voltage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_offset_voltage

    The input offset voltage ( ) is a parameter defining the differential DC voltage required between the inputs of an amplifier, especially an operational amplifier (op-amp), to make the output zero (for voltage amplifiers, 0 volts with respect to ground or between differential outputs, depending on the output type). [1]

  8. Analog-to-digital converter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter

    A successive-approximation ADC uses a comparator and a binary search to successively narrow a range that contains the input voltage. At each successive step, the converter compares the input voltage to the output of an internal digital-to-analog converter (DAC) which initially represents the midpoint of the allowed input voltage range. At each ...

  9. Operational amplifier applications - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier...

    This article illustrates some typical operational amplifier applications. A non-ideal operational amplifier's equivalent circuit has a finite input impedance, a non-zero output impedance, and a finite gain. A real op-amp has a number of non-ideal features as shown in the diagram[clarification needed], but here a simplified schematic notation is ...