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Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like.
A single concrete block, as used for construction. Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. . Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material
H2SO4 + Ca (OH)2 → CaSO4 · 2H2O. When concrete is carbonated by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or if limestone aggregates are used in concrete, H2SO4 reacts with calcite (CaCO3) and water to also form gypsum while releasing CO 2 back to the atmosphere: H2SO4 + CaCO3 + H2O → CaSO4 · 2H2O + CO2.
Properties of concrete. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength (resistance to breaking when squeezed), but significantly lower tensile strength (resistance to breaking when pulled apart). The compressive strength is typically controlled with the ratio of water to cement when forming the concrete, and tensile strength is increased by ...
Self-healing concrete. Self-healing concrete is characterized as the capability of concrete to fix its cracks on its own autogenously or autonomously. It not only seals the cracks but also partially or entirely recovers the mechanical properties of the structural elements. This kind of concrete is also known as self-repairing concrete.
The problem with concrete- or pipe-based solutions that funnel water away from flooded areas is that they are expensive, lack flexibility and require constant maintenance, Yu said.
High-density polyethylene pipe installation in a storm drain project, Mexico. Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils can prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 September 2024. Water located beneath the ground surface An illustration showing groundwater in aquifers (in blue) (1, 5 and 6) below the water table (4), and three different wells (7, 8 and 9) dug to reach it. Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and ...