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Cast Earth is a proprietary natural building material developed since the mid-1990s by Harris Lowenhaupt and Michael Frerking [1] based on the earlier Turkish Alker, which is a concrete-like composite with soil of a suitable composition as its bulk component stabilized with about 15% calcined gypsum (plaster of Paris) instead of Portland cement.
Lengths up to 16 feet (4.9 m) are common; the most common is 8 feet (2.4 m). Common thicknesses are 1 ⁄ 2 and 5 ⁄ 8 inch (13 and 16 mm); thicknesses of 1 ⁄ 4, 3 ⁄ 8, 3 ⁄ 4, and 1 inch (6, 10, 19, and 25 mm) are used in specific applications. In many parts of Canada, drywall is commonly referred to as Gyproc.
Sawdust can be combined with clay or cement mixtures and used for walls. Such walls are very sturdy and the method effectively recycles any trees needing excavation from the building area. Depending what type of sawdust is used (hardwood is best) the wood chips in the walls absorb moisture and help prevent cracking during freeze and thaw cycles ...
Stucco exterior (with wood frame interior) became a popular alternative in the southwestern United States during the 1970s, as the masonry labor costs for adobe rose. [ 5 ] Fragment from a Roman relief; c. 138 –161 AD; height: 8¼" (20.9 cm); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
In construction, a dwang (Scotland and New Zealand), [1] [2] [3] nogging piece, nogging, noggin or nog (England and Australia; all derived from brick nog), [4] [5] or blocking (North America), is a horizontal bracing piece used between wall studs to give rigidity to the wall frames of a building. Noggings may be made of timber, steel, or aluminium.
Each wall frame is covered in lath, tacked at the studs. Wood lath is typically about one inch (2.5 cm) wide by four feet (1.2 m) long by 1 ⁄ 4 inch (6 mm) thick. Each horizontal course of lath is spaced about 3 ⁄ 8 inch (9.5 mm) away from its neighboring courses. Metal lath is available in 27-inch (69 cm) by 8-foot (240 cm) sheets.
The first geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls were built in France in 1970 and 1971. [5] Geosynthetic-reinforced walls have been in use in the United States since 1974. Bell and Steward (1977) describe some of these early applications, which were primarily geotextile wrapped-face walls supporting logging roads in the northwestern United States.
In Europe the height of wall construction was reached under the Roman Empire, whose walls often reached 10 metres (33 ft) in height, the same as many Chinese city walls, but were only 1.5 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 11 in to 8 ft 2 in) thick. Rome's Servian Walls reached 3.6 and 4 metres (12 and 13 ft) in thickness and 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 ft) in ...