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  2. Exponentiation by squaring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring

    Yao's method collects in u first those x i that appear to the highest power ⁠ ⁠; in the next round those with power ⁠ ⁠ are collected in u as well etc. The variable y is multiplied ⁠ h − 1 {\displaystyle h-1} ⁠ times with the initial u , ⁠ h − 2 {\displaystyle h-2} ⁠ times with the next highest powers, and so on.

  3. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_Fermat's_Last...

    The multiplication of two odd numbers is always odd, but the multiplication of an even number with any number is always even. An odd number raised to a power is always odd and an even number raised to power is always even, so for example x n has the same parity as x. Consider any primitive solution (x, y, z) to the equation x n + y n = z n.

  4. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted b n, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. [1] When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, b n is the product of multiplying n bases: [1] = ⏟.

  5. Kummer's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kummer's_theorem

    In mathematics, Kummer's theorem is a formula for the exponent of the highest power of a prime number p that divides a given binomial coefficient. In other words, it gives the p-adic valuation of a binomial coefficient. The theorem is named after Ernst Kummer, who proved it in a paper, (Kummer 1852).

  6. Fifth power (algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_power_(algebra)

    In arithmetic and algebra, the fifth power or sursolid [1] of a number n is the result of multiplying five instances of n together: n 5 = n × n × n × n × n. Fifth powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its fourth power, or the square of a number by its cube. The sequence of fifth powers of integers is:

  7. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

    Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m .

  8. Legendre's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre's_formula

    As one special case, it can be used to prove that if n is a positive integer then 4 divides () if and only if n is not a power of 2. It follows from Legendre's formula that the p -adic exponential function has radius of convergence p − 1 / ( p − 1 ) {\displaystyle p^{-1/(p-1)}} .

  9. Sums of powers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sums_of_powers

    In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.