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Graphical representation of the dimensions used to describe a ship. Length between perpendiculars (often abbreviated as p/p, p.p., pp, LPP, LBP or Length BPP) is the length of a ship along the summer load line from the forward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main stern perpendicular member.
A ship's draft/draught is the "depth of the vessel below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull, propellers, or other reference point". [1] That is, the draft or draught is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deployed.
Air draft is the minimum height a ship needs to pass under, while standard draft is the minimum depth a ship needs to float over. Length between perpendiculars – The distance between where the forward part cuts the waterline and the rudder post of the ship.
A sharp bow on a conventional hull form would produce waves and low drag like a bulbous bow, but waves coming from the side would strike it harder. The blunt bulbous bow also produces higher pressure in a large region in front, making the bow wave start earlier. [6] The addition of a bulb to a ship's hull increases its overall wetted area.
Graphical representation of the dimensions used to describe a ship. Dimension "b" is the beam at waterline.. The beam of a ship is its width at its widest point. The maximum beam (B MAX) is the distance between planes passing through the outer sides of the ship, beam of the hull (B H) only includes permanently fixed parts of the hull, and beam at waterline (B WL) is the maximum width where the ...
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The position of the summer load line is calculated from the load line rules and depends on many factors such as length of ship, type of ship, type and number of superstructures, amount of sheer, and bow height. The horizontal line through the circle of the Plimsoll mark is at the same level as the summer load line.