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Deception is the act of convincing one or many recipients of untrue information. The person creating the deception knows it to be false while the receiver of the message has a tendency to believe it (although it is not always the case). [1]
Self-deception calls into question the nature of the individual, specifically in a psychological context and the nature of "self". Irrationality is the foundation from which the argued paradoxes of self-deception stem, and it is argued [by whom?] that not everyone has the "special talents" and capacities for self-deception. [5]
IDT explores the interrelation between the sender's communicative meaning and the receiver's thoughts and behavior in deceptive exchanges. Hence, it is safe to say that IDT can also be referred to as a game of moves and countermoves by the deceiver and the deceived.
Truth-default theory (TDT) is a communication theory which predicts and explains the use of veracity and deception detection in humans. It was developed upon the discovery of the veracity effect - whereby the proportion of truths versus lies presented in a judgement study on deception will drive accuracy rates.
The psychology scholar Robert Mitchell identifies four levels of deception in animals. At the first level, as with protective mimicry like false eyespots and camouflage, the action or display is inbuilt. At the second level, an animal performs a programmed act of behaviour, as when a prey animal feigns death to avoid being eaten.
Othello (left) and Iago (right) from Othello by William Shakespeare.Much of the tragedy of the play is brought about by advice Iago gives to Othello in bad faith. Bad faith (Latin: mala fides) is a sustained form of deception which consists of entertaining or pretending to entertain one set of feelings while acting as if influenced by another. [1]
Paltering is the active use of selective truthful statements to mislead. [1] [2] [3] [4]The term as applied in psychology and mediation studies was developed by researchers at the John F. Kennedy School of Government in the late 2000s.
Gaslighting is a term used in self-help and amateur psychology to describe a dynamic that can occur in personal relationships (romantic or parental) and in workplace relationships. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Gaslighting involves two parties: the "gaslighter", who persistently puts forth a false narrative in order to manipulate , and the "gaslighted", who ...