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The gradient thus does not vanish in arbitrarily deep networks. Feedforward networks with residual connections can be regarded as an ensemble of relatively shallow nets. In this perspective, they resolve the vanishing gradient problem by being equivalent to ensembles of many shallow networks, for which there is no vanishing gradient problem. [17]
A curve of output against input. The areas of increasing, diminishing and negative returns are identified at points along the curve. There is also a point of maximum yield which is the point on the curve where producing another unit of output becomes inefficient and unproductive.
Many of these developments were against the backdrop of improvements in both econometrics, that is the ability to measure prices and changes in goods and services, as well as their aggregate quantities, and in the creation of macroeconomics, or the study of whole economies.
The neoclassical synthesis (NCS), or neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis [1] is an academic movement and paradigm in economics that worked towards reconciling the macroeconomic thought of John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) with neoclassical economics.
[5] If the variable being measured cannot take negative values, the Lorenz curve: cannot sink below the line of perfect inequality, is increasing. Note however that a Lorenz curve for net worth would start out by going negative due to the fact that some people have a negative net worth because of debt.
Illustration of gradient descent on a series of level sets. Gradient descent is based on the observation that if the multi-variable function is defined and differentiable in a neighborhood of a point , then () decreases fastest if one goes from in the direction of the negative gradient of at , ().
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...
Slope: = = In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes the direction of the line on a plane. [1] Often denoted by the letter m, slope is calculated as the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change ("rise over run") between two distinct points on the line, giving the same number for any choice of points.