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Most linguists categorize Hawaiian Pidgin as a creole, as a creole refers to the linguistic form "spoken by the native-born children of pidgin-speaking parents". [33] However, many locals view Hawaiian Pidgin as a dialect. [34] Other linguists argue that this "standard" form of the language is also a dialect.
Hawaiian (ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, pronounced [ʔoːˈlɛlo həˈvɐjʔi]) [7] is a Polynesian language and critically endangered language of the Austronesian language family that takes its name from Hawaiʻi, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed.
Niʻihau dialect (Standard Hawaiian: ʻŌlelo Niʻihau, Niʻihau: Olelo Matuahine, lit. 'mother tongue') is a dialect of the Hawaiian language spoken on the island of Niʻihau , more specifically in its only settlement Puʻuwai , and on the island of Kauaʻi , specifically near Kekaha , where descendants of families from Niʻihau now live.
The American missionaries who developed written Hawaiian during the 1820s found that a [t] reflex was common at the Kauaʻi (Tauaʻi) end of the island chain, and a [k] reflex at the Big Island (island of Hawaiʻi) end. They decided to use k rather than t to represent this phoneme.
As Hawaiian was the main language of the islands in the nineteenth century, most words came from this Polynesian language, though many others contributed to its formation. In the 1890s and afterwards, the increased spread of English favoured the use of an English-based pidgin instead, which, once nativized as the first language of children ...
The Polynesian languages form a genealogical group of languages, itself part of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian family.. There are 38 Polynesian languages, representing 7 percent of the 522 Oceanic languages, and 3 percent of the Austronesian family. [1]
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. [1]
Historical records document its presence on the islands as early as the 1820s, but HSL was not formally recognized by linguists until 2013. [3] Although previously believed to be related to American Sign Language (ASL), [4] the two languages are unrelated. [5] [6] In 2013, HSL was used by around 40 people, mostly over 80 years old. [7]