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Romans used a phalanx for their third military line, the triarii. These were veteran reserve troops armed with the hastae or spear. [26] Rome conquered most of the Hellenistic successor states, along with the various Greek city-states and leagues. As these states ceased to exist, so did the armies which used the traditional phalanx ...
Kitchens that did have roofs must have been extremely smokey, since the only ventilation would come from high windows or holes in the ceiling; while the Romans built chimneys for their bakeries and smithies, they were unknown in private dwellings until about the 12th century A.D, well after the collapse of Roman civilization.
When Romans made their regular visits to burial sites to care for the dead, they poured a libation, facilitated at some tombs with a feeding tube into the grave. Romans drank their wine mixed with water, or in "mixed drinks" with flavorings. Mulsum was a mulled sweet wine, and apsinthium was a wormwood-flavored forerunner of absinthe. [37]
An exploration of ancient sewers beneath the Colosseum, the world’s most recognizable stadium, revealed the kinds of food spectators snacked on in the stands and the animals that met their fate ...
Descriptions of both shield walls used in attack and as an anti-cavalry formation with spears fixed into the ground exist throughout Roman history, though non-military writers tended to use classical vocabulary in describing such formations as a testudo, its Greek translation chelone (χελώνη), or a phalanx. [15]
The testum was used by the ancient Romans as a portable oven. It was used by wealthier people in ancient Rome. [3] The testum was an earthenware pot used to bake homemade bread. [3] Ancient Roman bakers would heat it by creating a fire underneath the dome on a baking stone.
Galen: on food and diet. (M. Grant, Trans.). London and New York: Routledge. Garnsey, P. (1988). Famine and food supply in the Graeco-Roman world : Responses to risk and crisis. Cambridge Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press. Garnsey, P. (1999). Food and society in classical antiquity (Key themes in ancient history; Key themes in ancient ...
Flask or mug with narrow neck and mouth used by the Romans to contain wine or other liquids. [2] Lararium Shrine to the household gods (Lares) Lares Household deities in Roman religion that encompassed hero-ancestors, guardians of the hearth, fields, boundaries, or fruitfulness, or an amalgamation of these. Lesbian cyma