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The number π (/ p aɪ / ⓘ; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.
The first known taxation occurred in Ancient Egypt around 3000–2800 BC. [3] Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as labor equivalent. All countries have a tax system in place to pay for public, common societal, or agreed national needs and for the functions of government.
The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .
The oldest known mathematics textbook is the Rhind papyrus, dated from c. 1650 BCE in Egypt. [184] Due to a scarcity of books, mathematical teachings in ancient India were communicated using memorized oral tradition since the Vedic period (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE). [185]
Given a decimal number, it can be split into two pieces of about the same size, each of which is converted to binary, whereupon the first converted piece is multiplied by 10 k and added to the second converted piece, where k is the number of decimal digits in the second, least-significant piece before conversion.
Of particular note is the use in Chinese mathematics of a decimal positional notation system, the so-called "rod numerals" in which distinct ciphers were used for numbers between 1 and 10, and additional ciphers for powers of ten. [108]
Naturally occurring titanium (22 Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; 46 Ti, 47 Ti, 48 Ti, 49 Ti and 50 Ti with 48 Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance).Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 44 Ti with a half-life of 60 years, 45 Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, 51 Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and 52 Ti with a half-life of ...
Initially code-named "Wilbur", [18] HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of Netscape's visual markup tags. Netscape's blink element and Microsoft's marquee element were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies. [14]