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Machu Picchu lies in the Southern Hemisphere, 13.111 degrees south of the equator. [95] It is 80 kilometers (50 miles) northwest of Cusco , on the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu, located about 2,430 meters (7,970 feet) above mean sea level , over 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) lower than Cusco, which has an elevation of 3,400 meters (11,200 ft ...
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC).
In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, or as the pre-Cabraline era specifically in Brazil, spans from the initial peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to the onset of European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492.
Caral-Supe civilization was the first civilization in pre-Columbian America, located in modern-day Peru, as well as one of world's oldest civilizations. It coalesced in 3500 BC, and large construction became apparent from 3100 BC. It lasted until 1800 BC. Among the largest cities were Caral and Aspero, the type site of civilization.
The Andean civilizations were South American complex societies of many indigenous people. [1] They stretched down the spine of the Andes for 4,000 km (2,500 miles) from southern Colombia , to Ecuador and Peru , including the deserts of coastal Peru, to north Chile and northwest Argentina .
The history of South America is the study of the past, particularly the written record, oral histories, and traditions, passed down from generation to generation on the continent of South America. The continent continues to be home to indigenous peoples, some of whom built high civilizations prior to the arrival of Europeans in the late 1400s ...
Peruvian territory was inhabited 14,000 years ago by hunters and gatherers.Subsequent developments include the appearance of sedentary communities that developed agriculture and irrigation, and the emergence of complex socio-political hierarchies that created sophisticated civilizations, technology and monumental construction.
It is estimated this area is one of the most important in South America and existed along an ancient trade route. [4] The tools used by these early nomadic hunters have provided relationships to the Clovis culture level I at Fell's Cave in southern Chile, and technological relationships to the late Pleistocene "fluted point" complexes of North ...