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The smallest known extrasolar planet that is likely a "gas planet" is Kepler-138d, which has the same mass as Earth but is 60% larger and therefore has a density that indicates a thick gas envelope. [16] A low-mass gas planet can still have a radius resembling that of a gas giant if it has the right temperature. [17]
For the very hottest gas giants, with temperatures above 1400 K (2100 °F, 1100 °C) or cooler planets with lower gravity than Jupiter, the silicate and iron cloud decks are predicted to lie high up in the atmosphere. The predicted Bond albedo of a class V planet around a Sun-like star is 0.55, due to reflection by the cloud decks.
There are three inner planets and an outer gas giant in the habitable zone. The innermost planet, WASP-47e, is a large terrestrial planet of 6.83 Earth masses and 1.8 Earth radii; the hot Jupiter, b, is little heavier than Jupiter, but about 12.63 Earth radii; a final hot Neptune, c, is 15.2 Earth masses and 3.6 Earth radii. [34]
HR 8799 e is a large exoplanet, orbiting the star HR 8799, which lies 129 light-years from Earth.This gas giant is between 5 and 10 times the mass of Jupiter. [1] Due to their young age and high temperature all four discovered planets in the HR 8799 system are large, compared to all gas giants in the Solar System.
The variable stars R Fornacis at 2100 K [138] and V Camelopardalis at 2414 ± 86 K [112] were both claimed to have a planet candidate. [114] [111] A gas giant planet was found orbiting TVLM 513-46546, [139] which is an ultracool star (2242 K) located close to the brown dwarf/red dwarf mass boundary. [140]
A giant planet, sometimes referred to as a jovian planet (Jove being another name for the Roman god Jupiter), is a diverse type of planet much larger than Earth. Giant planets are usually primarily composed of low- boiling point materials ( volatiles ), rather than rock or other solid matter, but massive solid planets can also exist.
The surface temperature is 10,170 K (9,897 °C; 17,846 °F), unusually hot for a star with a transiting planet. Prior to the discovery of KELT-9b, only six A-type stars were known to have planets, of which the warmest, WASP-33 , is significantly cooler at 7,430 K (7,157 °C; 12,914 °F); no B-type stars were previously known to host planets.
The commonly favored model for gas giant planet formation – core accretion – has significant difficulty forming massive gas giant planets at AB Aur b's very large distance from its AB Aur. Instead, AB Aur b may be forming by disk (gravitational) instability, [ 256 ] where as a massive disk around a star cools, gravity causes the disk to ...