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"Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory" was Alchian's first major article. It is hailed by most evolutionary economists as an important and seminal contribution to economic theory. Economists who consider the article a powerful defense of the assumption of profit maximization include Arthur S. De Vany, Harold Demsetz, and Benjamin Klein.
Durability is the ability of a physical product to remain functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or repair, when faced with the challenges of normal operation over its design lifetime. [ 1 ] : 5 There are several measures of durability in use, including years of life, hours of use, and number of operational cycles. [ 2 ]
A car is a durable good. The gasoline that powers it is a non-durable (or consumable) good. Examples of consumer durable goods include housing, vehicles, books, household goods (home appliances, consumer electronics, furniture, musical instruments, tools, etc.), sports equipment, jewelry, medical equipment, and toys.
To overcome the durability problem, durable good manufacturers must persuade consumers to replace functioning products with new ones or to pay them money in other ways. Replacement of functioning goods refers to business strategies that persuade or force consumers to purchase new products.
Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications. Analysis is relative to "accepted solutions of particular problems" based on best modern practice as referenced, especially including the works of Philip Wicksteed, Ludwig von Mises, and other Continental European economists.
Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.Although not defined by a strict set of principles and uniting various approaches, it treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), innovation, complex interdependencies, self-evolving systems, and limited ...
Bioeconomics (fisheries), the study of the dynamics of living resources using economic models; Bioeconomics (biophysical), the study of economic systems applying the laws of thermodynamics; Biological economics, the study of the relationship between human biology and economics; Bioeconomics, the social theory of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
Economic methodology has gone from periodic reflections of economists on method to a distinct research field in economics since the 1970s. In one direction, it has expanded to the boundaries of philosophy , including the relation of economics to the philosophy of science and the theory of knowledge . [ 18 ]