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The proportion of cell volume that is cytosol varies: for example while this compartment forms the bulk of cell structure in bacteria, [9] in plant cells the main compartment is the large central vacuole. [10] The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins).
Claude Bernard, French physician who introduced the concept of homeostasis. The human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments, which, although not literally anatomic compartments, do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body's water, solutes, and suspended elements are segregated.
Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell volume and is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water. The cytosol's filaments include the protein filaments such as actin filaments and microtubules that make up the cytoskeleton, as well as soluble proteins and small structures such as ribosomes, proteasomes, and the ...
Since the proteins have acidic and basic regions, they can serve as both proton donors or acceptors in order to maintain a relatively stable intracellular pH. In the case of a phosphate buffer, substantial quantities of weak acid and conjugate weak base (H 2 PO 4 – and HPO 4 2– ) can accept or donate protons accordingly in order to conserve ...
For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base. For example, an acetate buffer can be made from a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Similarly, an alkaline buffer can be made from a mixture of the base and its ...
Buffers typically consist of a pair of compounds in solution, one of which is a weak acid and the other a weak base. [13] The most abundant buffer in the ECF consists of a solution of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), and the bicarbonate (HCO − 3) salt of, usually, sodium (Na +). [5] Thus, when there is an excess of OH −
She's not the only one; a strained relationship is something many menopausal women experience, with one survey published last year finding that seven in 10 felt that their menopause symptoms had ...
The water molecule is amphoteric in aqueous solution. It can either gain a proton to form a hydronium ion H 3 O +, or else lose a proton to form a hydroxide ion OH −. [5] Another possibility is the molecular autoionization reaction between two water molecules, in which one water molecule acts as an acid and another as a base.