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There have been 13 British monarchs since the political union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland on 1 May 1707.England and Scotland had been in personal union since 24 March 1603; while the style, "King of Great Britain" first arose at that time, legislatively the title came into force in 1707.
Since that time, the eldest sons of all English monarchs, except for King Edward III, [a] have borne this title. After the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, her cousin King James VI of Scotland inherited the English crown as James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union .
The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and so forth; one person reigning in multiple distinct sovereign states, in a ...
Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning monarch, reigned from 6 February 1952 until her death on 8 September 2022.. The following is a list, ordered by length of reign, of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801), the Kingdom of England (871 ...
The Crown of Ireland Act 1542 granted English monarchs the title King of Ireland. From 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign in the Union of the Crowns. During the Interregnum (1649–1660), the monarchy was abolished and replaced with various forms of republican government.
Also represented is the English claim to the France, maintained for over 400 years before being dropped after the French Revolution. While the English claim to France was not seriously pursued after the Middle Ages, later monarchs did hold foreign titles. When William III became King alongside his wife Mary II, he maintained his Dutch titles.
The longest-lived British monarch and ruler was Queen Elizabeth II, who was aged 96 years, 140 days, having surpassed her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria on 21 December 2007, who had held the record since 18 January 1901, surpassing her own grandfather George III—just four days before her own death on 22 January 1901.
The House of Windsor is the reigning house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.The house's name was inspired by the historic Windsor Castle estate. Since it was founded on 17 July 1917, there have been five British monarchs of the House of Windsor: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II, and Charles III.