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Many Native American tribes continue to employ blood quantum in current tribal laws to determine who is eligible for membership or citizenship in the tribe or Native American nation. These often require a minimum degree of blood relationship and often an ancestor listed in a specific tribal census from the late 19th century or early 20th century.
A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood (both abbreviated CDIB) is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific fraction of Native American ancestry of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community. [1]
Native American Church of North America – an offshoot that originates from the late 1960s, the NAC of North America only allows Native Americans with a blood quantum of 1/4 or more to attend. This is enforced by tribal police via checking Certificates of Degree of Indian or Alaska Native Blood (CDIBs) and NAC membership cards.
Blood quantum is traced from the ancestor listed on the 1924 Baker Roll. A person with a blood quantum of less than 1/16th is an Eastern Band Cherokee descendant, but not a tribal citizen. The Eastern Band Cherokee nation does not allow DNA testing to be used to determine tribal citizenship, unless the test is to determine parentage.
There are 4,675 enrolled Absentee Shawnee tribal members as of June 30, 2024. [1] Approximately 74% of members live in Oklahoma as of 2020. [4] Tribal membership is based on blood quantum criteria, with applicants required to have a minimum of one-eighth (1/8) documented Absentee-Shawnee blood to be accepted as members, as established by the tribal constitution. [5]
[5] [6] Additionally, non-Native census takers introduced the idea of Blood Quantum, a concept previously foreign to the tribal communities. [7] Those recording this percentage of ancestry wrote down an estimation, based on physical appearance and personal opinion if the individual was present.
Besides being of direct Mvskoke Creek heritage, they must have a minimum blood quantum of 1/4 American Indian blood (equivalent to one full-blooded Creek grandparent) and not be enrolled in any other tribe. There are two distinctions of membership, including tribal enrolled membership and enrolled descendant membership that extends to first ...
Some tribes have a blood quantum requirement for citizenship. Others use other methods, such as lineal descent.While almost two-thirds of all federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States require a certain blood quantum for citizenship, [15] tribal nations are sovereign nations, with a government to government relationship with the United States, and set their own enrollment criteria.