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In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. [1] Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids . [ 2 ] Most electrophiles are positively charged , have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.
In chemistry, a nucleophilic substitution (S N) is a class of chemical reactions in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces a functional group within another electron-deficient molecule (known as the electrophile). The molecule that contains the electrophile and the leaving functional group is called the ...
The effect can be classified into two types, namely the +E effect and the -E effect. This classification is based on the direction of electron pair transfer. When the attacking reagent is electrophile, the +E effect is generally observed and π-electrons are transferred to the positively charged atom.
Vicinal difunctionalization refers to a chemical reaction involving transformations at two adjacent centers (most commonly carbons). This transformation can be accomplished in α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via the conjugate addition of a nucleophile to the β-position followed by trapping of the resulting enolate with an electrophile at the α-position.
In general, in a group across the periodic table, the more basic the ion (the higher the pK a of the conjugate acid) the more reactive it is as a nucleophile. Within a series of nucleophiles with the same attacking element (e.g. oxygen), the order of nucleophilicity will follow basicity.
In organic chemistry, an azo coupling is an reaction between a diazonium compound (R−N≡N +) and another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound (R−N=N−R’).In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, the aryldiazonium cation is the electrophile, and the activated carbon (usually from an arene, which is called coupling agent), serves as a nucleophile.
The overall reaction for electrophilic addition to ethylene.. In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition (A E) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds.
For example, compared to benzene, pyrrole is more rapidly attacked by electrophiles. Pyrrole is therefore considered to be an electron-rich aromatic ring. [ 5 ] Similarly, benzene derivatives with electron-donating groups (EDGs) are attacked by electrophiles faster than in benzene. [ 6 ]