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Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law [1] of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. This electric force is conventionally called the electrostatic force or Coulomb force . [ 2 ]
Boltzmann constant: The Boltzmann constant, k, is one of seven fixed constants defining the International System of Units, the SI, with k = 1.380 649 x 10 −23 J K −1. The Boltzmann constant is a proportionality constant between the quantities temperature (with unit kelvin) and energy (with unit joule).
In order to establish the numerical value of ε 0, one makes use of the fact that if one uses the rationalized forms of Coulomb's law and Ampère's force law (and other ideas) to develop Maxwell's equations, then the relationship stated above is found to exist between ε 0, μ 0 and c 0. In principle, one has a choice of deciding whether to ...
where r is the distance between the point charges q and Q, and q and Q are the charges (not the absolute values of the charges—i.e., an electron would have a negative value of charge when placed in the formula). The following outline of proof states the derivation from the definition of electric potential energy and Coulomb's law to this formula.
1.438 776 877... × 10 −2 m⋅K: 0 [12] [e] Wien wavelength displacement law constant: 2.897 771 955... × 10 −3 m⋅K: 0 [13] ′ [f] Wien frequency displacement law constant: 5.878 925 757... × 10 10 Hz⋅K −1: 0 [14] Wien entropy displacement law constant 3.002 916 077... × 10 −3 m⋅K: 0
Coulomb's equation, used to define charge in these systems, is F = q G 1 q G 2 / r 2 in the Gaussian system, and F = q HL 1 q HL 2 / (4πr 2) in the HL system. The unit of charge then connects to 1 dyn⋅cm 2 = 1 statC 2 = 4π HLC 2, where 'HLC' is the HL unit of charge.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
k B is the Boltzmann constant; T is the absolute temperature. This equation is an early example of a fluctuation-dissipation relation. [7] Note that the equation above describes the classical case and should be modified when quantum effects are relevant. Two frequently used important special forms of the relation are: