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The terms T and V, based on the Latin pronouns tu and vos, were first used in a paper by the social psychologist Roger Brown and the Shakespearean scholar Albert Gilman. [1] This was a historical and contemporary survey of the uses of pronouns of address, seen as semantic markers of social relationships between individuals. The study considered ...
1 Only in countries with voseo; Ladino has vos as the formal form, instead of usted. 2 Primarily in Spain; elsewhere, ustedes is used in the plural regardless of the level of formality. 3 Reflexive. Usted may be abbreviated as Ud. or Vd. A disused equivalent of vuestro(s) / vuestra(s) is voso(s) / vosa(s). [1]
This means that speaking to a group of friends a Spaniard will use vosotros, while a Latin American Spanish speaker will use ustedes. Although ustedes is semantically a second-person form, it is treated grammatically as a third-person plural form because it originates from the term vuestras mercedes ('your [pl.] mercies,' sing. vuestra merced).
2 Primarily in Spain; other countries use ustedes as the plural regardless of level of formality. A disused equivalent of vuestro(s)/vuestra(s) is voso(s)/vosa(s). [1] Note: Usted and ustedes are grammatically third person even though they are
As recently as 2021, ... The use of usted and ustedes as a polite form of address is universal. However, there are variations in informal address. ... 5 (1). doi:10. ...
In those regions it replaces tuteo, i.e. the use of the pronoun tú and its verbal forms. Voseo can also be found in the context of using verb conjugations for vos with tú as the subject pronoun (verbal voseo). [1] In all regions with voseo, the corresponding unstressed object pronoun is te and the corresponding possessive is tu/tuyo. [2]
The plural imperative uses the ustedes form (i. e. the third person plural subjunctive, as corresponding to ellos). As for the subjunctive forms of vos verbs, most speakers use the classical vos conjugation, employing the vosotros form minus the i in the final diphthong. However, some prefer to use the tú subjunctive forms like in Paraguay.
In Modern Spanish, however, not all possessive determiners change to reflect the gender of the possessee, as is the case for mi, tu, and su, e.g. mi hijo y mi hija ("my son and my daughter"). In the first and second person plural forms-- nuestra/nuestro and vuestra/vuestro —possessive determiners do mark gender inflection in the singular, e.g ...