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Neuroinflammation is widely regarded as chronic, as opposed to acute, inflammation of the central nervous system. [5] Acute inflammation usually follows injury to the central nervous system immediately, and is characterized by inflammatory molecules, endothelial cell activation, platelet deposition, and tissue edema. [6]
Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who do not have a mental illness.
It is known that brain levels of phenethylamine, a known endogenous enhancer substance, decline with age. [7] This may be due to progressively increased levels of MAO-B with age. [7] Decreased levels of phenethylamine may contribute to reduced activation of the enhancer regulation system and reduced brain catecholamine release with age. [9]
Nootropics (/ n oʊ. ə ˈ t r oʊ p ɪ k s / noh-ə-TROHP-iks or / n oʊ. ə ˈ t r ɒ p ɪ k s / noh-ə-TROP-iks), [1] colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs and cognitive enhancers, are natural, semisynthetic or synthetic compounds which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as executive functions, attention or memory.
Quinolinic acid affects neurons located mainly in the hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex, due to the selectivity toward quinolinic acid by the specific NMDA receptors residing in those regions. [10] When inflammation occurs, quinolinic acid is produced in excessive levels through the kynurenine pathway.
The inclusion of vinpocetine in dietary supplements in the U.S. has come under scrutiny due to the lack of defined dosage parameters, unproven short- and long-term benefits, and risks to human health. [22] In the U.S., vinpocetine supplements are marketed as sports supplements, brain enhancers, and weight loss supplements. [9]
Limbic encephalitis is a form of encephalitis, a disease characterized by inflammation of the brain. [1] Limbic encephalitis is caused by autoimmunity: an abnormal state where the body produces antibodies against itself. Some cases are associated with cancer and some are not. [1]
Some of the lasting effects include long-term reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus, [100] [101] widespread brain atrophy, [102] and induced inflammation in the brain. [103] Of note, chronic ethanol ingestion has additionally been shown to induce reorganization of cellular membrane constituents, leading to a lipid bilayer marked by increased ...
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