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  2. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet–visible...

    A UV-Vis spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument that measures the amount of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light that is absorbed by a sample. It is a widely used technique in chemistry, biochemistry, and other fields, to identify and quantify compounds in a variety of samples.

  3. Woodward's rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward's_rules

    With the aid of these rules the UV absorption maximum can be predicted, for example in these two compounds: [8] In the compound on the left, the base value is 214 nm (a heteroannular diene). This diene group has 4 alkyl substituents (labeled 1,2,3,4) and the double bond in one ring is exocyclic to the other (adding 5 nm for an exocyclic double ...

  4. Spectrophotometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry

    Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy involves energy levels that excite electronic transitions. Absorption of UV-vis light excites molecules that are in ground-states to their excited-states. [5] Visible region 400–700 nm spectrophotometry is used extensively in colorimetry science. It is a known fact that it operates best at the range ...

  5. Molecular orbital theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory

    Molecular orbital theory is used to interpret ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS). Changes to the electronic structure of molecules can be seen by the absorbance of light at specific wavelengths.

  6. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_photoelectron...

    With this source, Turner's group obtained an energy resolution of 0.02 eV. Turner referred to the method as "molecular photoelectron spectroscopy", now usually "ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy" or UPS. As compared to XPS, UPS is limited to energy levels of valence electrons, but measures them more accurately.

  7. Optical spectrometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrometer

    In modern spectrographs in the UV, visible, and near-IR spectral ranges, the spectrum is generally given in the form of photon number per unit wavelength (nm or μm), wavenumber (μm −1, cm −1), frequency (THz), or energy (eV), with the units indicated by the abscissa.

  8. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared...

    The goal of absorption spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, ultraviolet-visible ("UV-vis") spectroscopy, etc.) is to measure how much light a sample absorbs at each wavelength. [2] The most straightforward way to do this, the "dispersive spectroscopy" technique, is to shine a monochromatic light beam at a sample, measure how much of the light is ...

  9. UV-Vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-Vis_absorption_spectro...

    For UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry, spectrometer must be specific for UV-Vis spectral region. Potentiostat / Galvanostat : electronic device that allows controlling the working electrode potential regarding to the reference electrode or controlling the current that passes respect to the auxiliary electrode .