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Walter Mischel's marshmallow experiment showing the importance to life outcomes of the ability to delay gratification (beginning late 1960s) Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment (1971) Allan and Beatrix Gardner's attempts to teach American Sign Language to the chimpanzee Washoe (1970s) Martin Seligman studies learned helplessness in ...
Any science that draws its data from records of past events, as opposed to "experimental" or "operational" science; Some philosophers of science create a distinction between experimental science and "historical science," using the term history to describe all of the past as "historical sciences" ."Historical sciences" can include geology ...
The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, during which there many human-like species evolved including toward the end of this period, Homo sapiens.The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 (), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being ...
The history of science is often seen as a linear story of progress [27] but historians have come to see the story as more complex. [28] [29] [30] Alfred Edward Taylor has characterised lean periods in the advance of scientific discovery as "periodical bankruptcies of science". [31] Science is a human activity, and scientific contributions have ...
A History of the Sciences. New York: Collier Books. McClellan, James E. III. 2003. Specialist Control: The Publications of the Académie Royale des Sciences (Paris), 1700–1793. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. McClellan, James Edward and Harold Dorn (2006). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. JHU Press.
Great advances in science have been termed "revolutions" since the 18th century. For example, in 1747, the French mathematician Alexis Clairaut wrote that "Newton was said in his own life to have created a revolution". [11] The word was also used in the preface to Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 work announcing the discovery of oxygen. "Few ...
The following dates are approximations. 700 BC: Pythagoras's theorem is discovered by Baudhayana in the Hindu Shulba Sutras in Upanishadic India. [18] However, Indian mathematics, especially North Indian mathematics, generally did not have a tradition of communicating proofs, and it is not fully certain that Baudhayana or Apastamba knew of a proof.
History of science as a discipline. J. A. Bennett, 'Museums and the Establishment of the History of Science at Oxford and Cambridge', British Journal for the History of Science 30, 1997, 29–46; Dietrich von Engelhardt, Historisches Bewußtsein in der Naturwissenschaft : von der Aufklärung bis zum Positivismus, Freiburg [u.a.] : Alber, 1979