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For <, spiral-ring pattern; =, regular spiral; >, loose spiral. R is the distance of spiral starting point (0, R) to the center. R is the distance of spiral starting point (0, R) to the center. The calculated x and y have to be rotated backward by ( − θ {\displaystyle -\theta } ) for plotting.
Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae [1] and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars , gas and dust , and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge .
The Cartwheel Galaxy (also known as ESO 350-40 or PGC 2248) is a lenticular ring galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. [1] It has a D 25 isophotal diameter of 44.23 kiloparsecs (144,300 light-years), and a mass of about 2.9–4.8 × 10 9 solar masses; its outer ring has a circular velocity of 217 km/s.
Two well-known spiral space curves are conical spirals and spherical spirals, defined below. Another instance of space spirals is the toroidal spiral. [8] A spiral wound around a helix, [9] also known as double-twisted helix, [10] represents objects such as coiled coil filaments.
It is 232 million light-years (71 Mpc) from Earth and measures 463,000 ly (142,000 pc) across, making it one of the largest known spiral galaxies. [8] [4] It is also a possible member of the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster. [12] UGC 2885 is a spiral galaxy with a relatively low surface brightness. The central bulge is the most prominent feature ...
The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere, [88] [89] forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape, [86] until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun. In December 2004, the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause. [90]
The Shinkansen Bullet Train in Japan is known for its aerodynamic shape that decreases the amount of sound the train makes while entering and exiting tunnels at speeds of 150 to 200 mph.
A spiral galaxy is organized into a flat, rotating disk, usually with a prominent bulge or bar at the center, and trailing bright arms that spiral outward. The arms are dusty regions of star formation within which massive young stars produce a blue tint. Spiral galaxies are typically surrounded by a halo of older stars.