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Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium, among others, [1] is a medication of the opioid receptor agonist class used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea. [5] [4] It is often used for this purpose in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome, [4] Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. [5]
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By binding to μ-opioid receptors, loperamide inhibits acetylcholine release and decreases excitation of neurons in the myenteric plexus, which leads to a decrease in peristalsis. [4] Decreasing intestinal motility prolongs the transit time of food content through the digestive tract, which allows for more fluid absorption; thereby alleviating ...
[2] [3] It is a fixed-dose combination of the medications diphenoxylate, as the hydrochloride, an antidiarrheal; and atropine, as the sulfate, an anticholinergic. [1] It is taken by mouth. [2] Onset is typically within an hour. [4] Side effects may include abdominal pain, angioedema, glaucoma, heart problems, feeling tired, dry mouth, and ...
Simply switching the patient from 40 mg of morphine to 10 mg of levorphanol would be dangerous due to dose accumulation, and hence frequency of administration should also be taken into account. There are other concerns about equianalgesic charts. Many charts derive their data from studies conducted on opioid-naive patients.
For example, most opioids cause sedation when given at a sufficiently high dose, but peripherally selective opioids can act on the rest of the body without entering the brain and are less likely to cause sedation. [1] These peripherally selective opioids can be used as antidiarrheals, for instance loperamide (Imodium). [2]
Diphenoxylate is a centrally active opioid drug of the phenylpiperidine series that is used as a combination drug with atropine for the treatment of diarrhea.Diphenoxylate is an opioid and acts by slowing intestinal contractions; the atropine is present to prevent drug abuse and overdose.
Studies have found excellent internal consistency and inter-rater reliability, as well as exceptionally high correlation with the YMRS. [8] [9] Similarly, the KDRS would be analogous to the Child Depression Rating Scale-Revised. The CDRS-R was also designed to be done as an interview, but the item content predates the current ICD and DSM and ...