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  2. Lattice model (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_model_(physics)

    An example of a continuum theory that is widely studied by lattice models is the QCD lattice model, a discretization of quantum chromodynamics. However, digital physics considers nature fundamentally discrete at the Planck scale, which imposes upper limit to the density of information , aka Holographic principle .

  3. Geometric lattice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_lattice

    Like a geometric lattice, a matroid is endowed with a rank function, but that function maps a set of matroid elements to a number rather than taking a lattice element as its argument. The rank function of a matroid must be monotonic (adding an element to a set can never decrease its rank) and it must be submodular , meaning that it obeys an ...

  4. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed. Quark matter: Hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons Color-glass condensate

  5. Periodic table (crystal structure) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal...

    The following is a list of structure types which appear in the tables above. Regarding the number of atoms in the unit cell, structures in the rhombohedral lattice system have a rhombohedral primitive cell and have trigonal point symmetry but are also often also described in terms of an equivalent but nonprimitive hexagonal unit cell with three ...

  6. Lattice (order) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order)

    A lattice is an abstract structure studied in the mathematical subdisciplines of order theory and abstract algebra.It consists of a partially ordered set in which every pair of elements has a unique supremum (also called a least upper bound or join) and a unique infimum (also called a greatest lower bound or meet).

  7. Lattice field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_field_theory

    Just as in all lattice models, numerical simulation provides access to field configurations that are not accessible to perturbation theory, such as solitons. Similarly, non-trivial vacuum states can be identified and examined. The method is particularly appealing for the quantization of a gauge theory using the Wilson action.

  8. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    In regular cold matter, quarks, fundamental particles of nuclear matter, are confined by the strong force into hadrons that consist of 2–4 quarks, such as protons and neutrons. Quark matter or quantum chromodynamical (QCD) matter is a group of phases where the strong force is overcome and quarks are deconfined and free to move.

  9. List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements

    A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...