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Static force fields are fields, such as a simple electric, magnetic or gravitational fields, that exist without excitations.The most common approximation method that physicists use for scattering calculations can be interpreted as static forces arising from the interactions between two bodies mediated by virtual particles, particles that exist for only a short time determined by the ...
A virtual particle is a theoretical transient particle that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle, while having its existence limited by the uncertainty principle, which allows the virtual particles to spontaneously emerge from vacuum at short time and space ranges. [1]
The four-momentum of the virtual particle is the difference between the four-momenta of the incoming and outgoing particles. Virtual particles corresponding to internal propagators in a Feynman diagram are in general allowed to be off shell, but the amplitude for the process will diminish depending on how far off shell they are. [ 4 ]
Quantum field theories describe nature in terms of fields.Each field has a complementary description as the set of particles of a particular type. A force between two particles can be described either as the action of a force field generated by one particle on the other, or in terms of the exchange of virtual force-carrier particles between them.
Since, by the postulates of quantum field theory, all observable operators commute with each other at spacelike separation, messages can no more be sent through these correlations than they can through any other EPR correlations; the correlations are in random variables. Regarding virtual particles, the propagator at spacelike separation can be ...
However, C does vary strongly with discrete variables such as numbers of particles, and so it must be applied before summing over particle numbers. As mentioned above, the classic example of this overcounting is for a fluid system containing various kinds of particles, where any two particles of the same kind are indistinguishable and exchangeable.
The work of a force on a particle along a virtual displacement is known as the virtual work. Historically, virtual work and the associated calculus of variations were formulated to analyze systems of rigid bodies, [ 1 ] but they have also been developed for the study of the mechanics of deformable bodies.
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