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Arising in cut timber they generally cause a reduction in strength. When found in a log they can result in a significant amount of waste, when a log is converted to lumber. Apart from heart shakes, often found in trees felled past their best, shakes in a log have no effect on the strength of shake free lumber obtained therefrom. [1]
Wood slabs can also become warped as a result of insufficient support from underlying shelf hardware (commonly referred to as sagging or bowing). [2] The types of wood warping include: bow: a warp along the length of the face of the wood; crook: a warp along the length of the edge of the wood; kink: a localized crook, often due to a knot
Bark pockets are considered a nuisance in the lumber industry because they are considered a defect, and lower the grade of the wood. [1] Bark pockets can also weaken tree forks , and can result in damage to the junction under stress.
In addition, because the technology is not well known, there is little public information available about drying schedules, and many new producers of thermally modified woods experience a large % of drying defects, discoloration, brittleness, equipment malfunctions (including fires) and an inability to obtain the high durability ratings that ...
Apart from structural wood preservation measures, there are a number of different chemical preservatives and processes (also known as timber treatment, lumber treatment or pressure treatment) that can extend the life of wood, timber, and their associated products, including engineered wood. These generally increase the durability and resistance ...
Larger defects that interfere with wood finishing include dent, gouges, splits and glue spots and smears. [7] These defects should also be removed before finishing, otherwise they will affect the quality of the finished furniture or object. However, it is difficult to eliminate large defects from wood surfaces.
Ramp scaling is often used where space is limited, speed is important, or the logs are of relatively low value. Assessing the grade of each log involves inspecting it for defects, but when a given log is situated in the middle of a truckload of logs it may be difficult to examine it.
When natural regeneration or artificial seeding has resulted in dense, overstocked young stands, natural thinning will in most cases eventually reduce stocking to more silviculturally desirable levels. But by the time some trees reach merchantable size, others will be overmature and defective, and others will still be unmerchantable.