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upconversion of direct diode semiconductor lasers via thulium- or praseodymium-doped fibers at 480 nm [4] metal vapor, ionized gas lasers of helium-cadmium at 442 nm and 10–200 mW [5] argon-ion lasers at 458 and 488 nm [5] Lasers emitting wavelengths below 445 nm appear violet, but are nonetheless also called blue lasers.
Thickness of the Ge 40 Se 60 /Si film on the silicon substrate as 34.5 nm, Thickness of the Ge 40 Se 60 /Si film on the oxidized silicon substrate as 33.6 nm, Thickness of SiO 2 (with n and k spectra of SiO 2 held fixed), and; n and k spectra, in 190–1000 nm range, of Ge 40 Se 60 /Si.
Helium–silver (HeAg) metal-vapor laser [3] 224.3 nm Scientific research Strontium vapor laser: 430.5 nm Scientific research Neon–copper (NeCu) metal-vapor laser [3] 248.6 nm Electrical discharge in metal vapor mixed with neon buffer gas. Scientific research: Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy [4] [5] Copper vapor laser: 510.6 nm, 578.2 nm ...
Most of the light is absorbed by melanin pigments in the pigment epithelium just behind the photoreceptors, [1] and causes burns in the retina. Ultraviolet light with wavelengths shorter than 400 nm tends to be absorbed by lens and 300 nm in the cornea, where it can produce injuries at relatively low powers due to photochemical damage. Infrared ...
Semi-conductor lasers (Bottom to Top: 660 nm, 635 nm, 532 nm, 520 nm, 445 nm, 405 nm) A laser diode is electrically a PIN diode.The active region of the laser diode is in the intrinsic (I) region, and the carriers (electrons and holes) are pumped into that region from the N and P regions respectively.
[3]: 21–119 The spectrophotometer is used to measure colored compounds in the visible region of light (between 350 nm and 800 nm), [3]: 65 thus it can be used to find more information about the substance being studied. In biochemical experiments, a chemical and/or physical property is chosen and the procedure that is used is specific to that ...
The Cherenkov light emitted from patient's tissue during radiation therapy is a very low light level signal but can be detected by specially designed cameras that synchronize their acquisition to the linear accelerator pulses. [31] The ability to see this signal shows the shape of the radiation beam as it is incident upon the tissue in real ...
The discovery of the ionization of gases by ultraviolet light was made by Philipp Lenard in 1900. As the effect was produced across several centimeters of air and yielded a greater number of positive ions than negative, it was natural to interpret the phenomenon, as J. J. Thomson did, as a Hertz effect upon the particles present in the gas. [27]