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To calculate the azimuth of the Sun or a star given its declination and hour angle at a specific location, modify the formula for a spherical Earth. Replace φ 2 with declination and longitude difference with hour angle, and change the sign (since the hour angle is positive westward instead of east).
Seen from a superior planet, an inferior planet on the opposite side of the Sun is in superior conjunction with the Sun. An inferior conjunction occurs when the two planets align on the same side of the Sun. At inferior conjunction, the superior planet is "in opposition" to the Sun as seen from the inferior planet (see the diagram).
The opposite of discounting is compounding. Taking the example in reverse, it is the equivalent of investing 3,186.31 at t = 0 (the present value) at an interest rate of 10% compounded for 12 years, which results in a cash flow of 10,000 at t = 12 (the future value). The importance of NPV becomes clear in this instance.
Orbital decay is a gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies at their closest approach (the periapsis) over many orbital periods.These orbiting bodies can be a planet and its satellite, a star and any object orbiting it, or components of any binary system.
A beta higher than 1 means that a change in share price is exaggerated compared to the rest of shares in the same market. A beta less than 1 means that the share is stable and not very responsive to changes in the market. Less than 0 means that a share is moving in the opposite direction from the rest of the shares in the same market. 3.
For algorithms describing how to calculate the remainder, see Division algorithm.) The remainder, as defined above, is called the least positive remainder or simply the remainder . [ 2 ] The integer a is either a multiple of d , or lies in the interval between consecutive multiples of d , namely, q ⋅ d and ( q + 1) d (for positive q ).
Deflection (f) in engineering. In structural engineering, deflection is the degree to which a part of a long structural element (such as beam) is deformed laterally (in the direction transverse to its longitudinal axis) under a load.
In information theory and statistics, negentropy is used as a measure of distance to normality. [4] [5] [6] Out of all distributions with a given mean and variance, the normal or Gaussian distribution is the one with the highest entropy.