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The antibody cocktail binds to cytokeratin 1 - 8, 10, 14 - 16 and 19 (but not CK17 or CK18). [1] It is therefore used as a marker of carcinomas, such as depth of invasion and metastases. [ 1 ] For example, it is both relatively sensitive and specific for detection of breast cancer metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes .
The term cytokeratin began to be used in the late 1970s, when the protein subunits of keratin intermediate filaments inside cells were first being identified and characterized. [2] In 2006 a new systematic nomenclature for mammalian keratins was created, and the proteins previously called cytokeratins are simply called keratins (human ...
Keratin 14 was the first type I keratin sequence determined. [5] Keratin 14 is also known as cytokeratin-14 (CK-14) or keratin-14 (KRT14). In humans it is encoded by the KRT14 gene. [6] [7] [8] Keratin 14 is usually found as a heterodimer with type II keratin 5 and form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells.
34βE12, often written as 34betaE12 and also known as CK34βE12 and keratin 903 (CK903), is an antibody specific for high molecular weight cytokeratins 1, 5, 10 and 14. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is sometimes, less precisely, referred to as high-molecular weight keratin ( HMWK ) and high-molecular weight cytokeratin ( HMWCK ).
They are also present in epithelial cells in general. For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells react with antibodies for keratin 5, keratin 8, and keratin 14. These antibodies are used as fluorescent markers to distinguish subsets of mouse thymic epithelial cells in genetic studies of the thymus.
A large review study reported that PCA tumor cells are periodic acid–Schiff stain positive (30 of 30 tested cases) and express (as detected by immunoassays) epithelial membrane antigen (51 of 51 cases), cytokeratins 1 thru 8, 10, 14 thru 16, and/or 19 as detected using the AE1/AE3 antibody cocktail which detects these but not cytokeratins 17 ...
Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer. [2] The markers can't be used to give patients a diagnosis but can be compared with the result of other tests like biopsy or imaging. [2]
A BiTE linking a T cell to a tumor cell. Like other bispecific antibodies, and unlike ordinary monoclonal antibodies, BiTEs form a link between T cells and tumor cells. This causes T cells to exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by producing proteins like perforin and granzymes, independently of the presence of MHC I or co-stimulatory molecules.