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In biology, a substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant, fungus, or animal) lives.A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. For example, encrusting algae that lives on a rock (its substrate) can be itself a substrate for an animal that lives on top of the algae.
Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached Substrate (aquatic environment), the earthy material that exists in the bottom of an aquatic habitat, like dirt, rocks, sand, or gravel
Similarly, a substrate is called 'fluorogenic' if it gives rise to a fluorescent product when acted on by an enzyme. [citation needed] For example, curd formation (rennet coagulation) is a reaction that occurs upon adding the enzyme rennin to milk. In this reaction, the substrate is a milk protein (e.g., casein) and the enzyme is rennin. The ...
Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids, and oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidase.
Organisation of enzyme structure and lysozyme example. Binding sites in blue, catalytic site in red and peptidoglycan substrate in black. (In biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
A futile cycle, also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat. [1] The reason this cycle was called "futile" cycle was because it appeared that this cycle operated with no net utility for the organism.
Types of substrate attachments include mussels' tethering byssal threads and glues, sea stars' thousands of suctioning tube feet, and isopods' hook-like appendages that help them hold on to intertidal kelps. Higher profile organisms, such as kelps, must also avoid breaking in high flow locations, and they do so with their strength and flexibility.
An example of a substrate analog that is also a suicide substrate/Trojan horse substrate is penicillin, which is an inhibitory substrate analog of peptidoglycan. [8] Some substrate analogs can still allow the enzyme to synthesize a product despite the enzyme’s inability to metabolize the substrate analog.