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A human computer, with microscope and calculator, 1952. It was not until the mid-20th century that the word acquired its modern definition; according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of the word computer was in a different sense, in a 1613 book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait: "I haue [] read the truest computer of Times, and the best ...
Eventually, the concept of numbers became concrete and familiar enough for counting to arise, at times with sing-song mnemonics to teach sequences to others. All known human languages, except the Piraha language, have words for at least the numerals "one" and "two", and even some animals like the blackbird can distinguish a surprising number of items.
The language proved so popular for scientific and technical computing that by 1963 all major manufacturers had implemented or announced FORTRAN for their computers. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] COBOL was first conceived of when Mary K. Hawes convened a meeting (which included Grace Hopper ) in 1959 to discuss how to create a computer language to be shared ...
Bjarne Stroustrup - The C++ Programming Language; Brian W. Kernighan, Rob Pike - The Practice of Programming; Donald Knuth - The Art of Computer Programming; Ellen Ullman - Close to the Machine; Ellis Horowitz - Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms; Eric Raymond - The Art of Unix Programming; Gerald M. Weinberg - The Psychology of Computer ...
The original GUI was developed on the Xerox Alto computer system at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in the early 1970s and commercialized by many vendors throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Since the late 1990s, there have been three operating systems in widespread use on personal computers: Apple Inc.'s macOS, the open source Linux, and Microsoft ...
Computer History Museum; Computers: From the Past to the Present; The First "Computer Bug" at the Naval History and Heritage Command Photo Archives. Bitsavers, an effort to capture, salvage, and archive historical computer software and manuals from minicomputers and mainframes of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s; Oral history interviews
The Making of the Micro: A History of the Computer. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-22240-8. Fagen, M. D. (editor), National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975), Volume II of A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978) Freed, Les (1995). The History of Computers. Ziff Davis. ISBN 1-56276-275-3.
Yashavant Kanetkar is an Indian computer science author, known for his books on programming languages. He has authored several books on C, C++, VC++, C#, .NET, DirectX and COM programming. He is also a speaker on various technology subjects and is a regular columnist for Express Computers and Developer 2.0.