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A polymer (/ ˈ p ɒ l ɪ m ər / [4] [5]) is a substance or material that consists of very large molecules, or macromolecules, that are constituted by many repeating subunits derived from one or more species of monomers. [6] Due to their broad spectrum of properties, [7] both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles ...
The convention for a nucleic acid sequence is to list the nucleotides as they occur from the 5' end to the 3' end of the polymer chain, where 5' and 3' refer to the numbering of carbons around the ribose ring which participate in forming the phosphate diester linkages of the chain. Such a sequence is called the primary structure of the biopolymer.
Note 1: Artificial polymer should also be used in the case of chemically modified biopolymers. Note 2: Biochemists are now capable of synthesizing copies of biopolymers that should be named Synthetic biopolymer to make a distinction with true biopolymers. Note 3: Genetic engineering is now capable of generating non-natural analogues
Despite this, plastic production is not particularly monopolized, with about 100 companies accounting for 90% of global production. [30] This includes a mixture of private and state-owned enterprises. Roughly half of all production takes place in East Asia, with China being the largest single producer. Major international producers include:
[1] [2] These polymers are found both naturally and synthetically made, and largely consist of ester, amide, and ether functional groups. Their properties and breakdown mechanism are determined by their exact structure. These polymers are often synthesized by condensation reactions, ring opening polymerization, and metal catalysts. There are ...
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life.
Natural gas is the product of methanogenesis. [13] [14] A seemingly limitless variety of compounds comprise petroleum, hence the necessity of refineries. These hydrocarbons consist of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, or combinations of the two. Missing in petroleum are alkenes and alkynes. Their production requires refineries.
PIDA (polymer) Pliofilm; Poly-γ-glutamate; Poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Poly(4-vinylphenol) Poly(hexamethylene carbonate) Poly(hydridocarbyne) Poly(methacrylic acid) Poly(p-phenylene oxide) Polyphenylene sulfide; Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Polyacetylene; Polyallylamine hydrochloride; Polyaniline ...