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Usage of N⋅m is discouraged by the SI authority, since it can lead to confusion as to whether the quantity expressed in newton-metres is a torque measurement, or a measurement of work. [15] Another unit for work is the foot-pound, which comes from the English system of measurement. As the unit name suggests, it is the product of pounds for ...
The work function W for a given surface is defined by the difference [1] =, where −e is the charge of an electron, ϕ is the electrostatic potential in the vacuum nearby the surface, and E F is the Fermi level (electrochemical potential of electrons) inside the material.
The work per unit of charge is defined as the movement of negligible test charge between two points, and is expressed as the difference in electric potential at those points. The work can be done, for example, by generators, (electrochemical cells) or thermocouples generating an electromotive force. Electric field work is formally equivalent to ...
These equations taken together are as powerful and complete as Maxwell's equations. Moreover, the problem has been reduced somewhat, as the electric and magnetic fields together had six components to solve for. [1] In the potential formulation, there are only four components: the electric potential and the three components of the vector potential.
In the differential form formulation on arbitrary space times, F = 1 / 2 F αβ dx α ∧ dx β is the electromagnetic tensor considered as a 2-form, A = A α dx α is the potential 1-form, = is the current 3-form, d is the exterior derivative, and is the Hodge star on forms defined (up to its orientation, i.e. its sign) by the ...
m 3 ⋅kg −1: L 3 M −1: intensive Spin: S: Quantum-mechanically defined angular momentum of a particle kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −1: L 2 M T −1: Strain: ε: Extension per unit length unitless 1: Stress: σ: Force per unit oriented surface area Pa L −1 M T −2: order 2 tensor Surface tension: γ: Energy change per unit change in surface area N/m ...
Siméon Denis Poisson. Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics.For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate the corresponding electrostatic or gravitational (force) field.
In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle in a single central potential field.A central force is a force (possibly negative) that points from the particle directly towards a fixed point in space, the center, and whose magnitude only depends on the distance of the object to the center.