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In contrast, an ammonium ion consists of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms, with a charge of +1; its chemical formula is N H + 4. Polyatomic ions often are useful in the context of acid–base chemistry and in the formation of salts. Often, a polyatomic ion can be considered as the conjugate acid or base of a neutral molecule.
A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, (H 2 CO 3), [2] characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula CO 2− 3. The word "carbonate" may also refer to a carbonate ester , an organic compound containing the carbonate group O=C(−O−) 2 .
Hard water usually contains calcium or magnesium ions. Sodium carbonate is used for removing these ions and replacing them with sodium ions. [16] Sodium carbonate is a water-soluble source of carbonate. The calcium and magnesium ions form insoluble solid precipitates upon treatment with carbonate ions:
In industrial practice, the reaction is carried out by passing concentrated brine (salt water) through two towers. In the first, ammonia bubbles up through the brine and is absorbed by it. In the second, carbon dioxide bubbles up through the ammoniated brine, and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) precipitates out of the solution.
This is sometimes the case when multiple atoms of the same type surround the central atom, and is especially common for polyatomic ions. When this situation occurs, the molecule's Lewis structure is said to be a resonance structure, and the molecule exists as a resonance hybrid. Each of the different possibilities is superimposed on the others ...
Cations are positively (+) charged ions while anions are negatively (−) charged. This can be remembered with the help of the following mnemonics. Cats have paws ⇔ Cations are pawsitive. [27] Ca+ion: The letter t in cation looks like a + (plus) sign. [28] An anion is a negative ion. (An egative ion ⇒ Anion). [29]
In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complicated nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH 4 + or SO 4 2−. At normal temperatures and pressures, ionic bonding mostly creates solids (or occasionally liquids) without separate identifiable molecules, but the vaporization ...
The orthoborate ion is known in the solid state, for example, in calcium orthoborate (Ca 2+) 3 ([BO 3] 3−) 2, [1] where it adopts a nearly trigonal planar structure. It is a structural analogue of the carbonate anion [CO 3] 2−, with which it is isoelectronic. Simple bonding theories point to the trigonal planar structure.
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