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Complexity theory emphasizes interactions and the accompanying feedback loops that constantly change systems. While it proposes that systems are unpredictable, they are also constrained by order-generating rules. [6]: 74 Complexity theory has been used in the fields of strategic management and organizational studies.
Continuous complexity theory can also refer to complexity theory of the use of analog computation, which uses continuous dynamical systems and differential equations. [18] Control theory can be considered a form of computation and differential equations are used in the modelling of continuous-time and hybrid discrete-continuous-time systems.
In algorithmic information theory, the Kolmogorov complexity (also called descriptive complexity, algorithmic complexity or algorithmic entropy) of a string is the length of the shortest binary program that outputs that string. Minimum message length is a practical application of this approach. Different kinds of Kolmogorov complexity are ...
A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. [1] Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an ecosystem, a living cell, and, ultimately, for ...
Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra systems, with the term system alluding to the complexity of the main applications that include, at least, a method to represent mathematical data in a computer, a user programming language (usually different from the language used for the implementation), a ...
Descriptive complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory and of finite model theory that characterizes complexity classes by the type of logic needed to express the languages in them. For example, PH , the union of all complexity classes in the polynomial hierarchy, is precisely the class of languages expressible by statements of ...
The model of hierarchical complexity (MHC) is a formal theory and a mathematical psychology framework for scoring how complex a behavior is. [4] Developed by Michael Lamport Commons and colleagues, [3] it quantifies the order of hierarchical complexity of a task based on mathematical principles of how the information is organized, [5] in terms of information science.
In computational complexity theory, a complexity class is a set of computational problems "of related resource-based complexity". [1] The two most commonly analyzed resources are time and memory . In general, a complexity class is defined in terms of a type of computational problem, a model of computation , and a bounded resource like time or ...