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The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, in languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala. The most common are open o Ɔ ɔ , open e Ɛ ɛ , and eng Ŋ ŋ , but several others are found.
Spectrogram of [ɪ] Sagittal section of a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound Ɪ .Note that a wavy glottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.. The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, [1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.
However, the symbols themselves may be more or less explicit about their phonetic realization. [13] A frequently cited example is the symbol chosen for the English consonant at the beginning of the words 'rue', 'rye', 'red': this is frequently transcribed as /r/, despite the symbol suggesting an association with the IPA symbol [r] which is used ...
The International Phonetic Association was founded in Paris in 1886 under the name Dhi Fonètik Tîtcerz' Asóciécon (The Phonetic Teachers' Association), a development of L'Association phonétique des professeurs d'Anglais ("The English Teachers' Phonetic Association"), to promote an international phonetic alphabet, designed primarily for English, French, and German, for use in schools to ...
The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɟ , a barred dotless j that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter f .
Sinologists tend to use superscript Chao tone numerals rather than the Chao tone letters of the IPA, even though the numerals conflict with their values in other parts of the world. The correspondence is 1 for low pitch and 5 for high; single digits are frequently doubled to prevent confusion with tone numbers , though sometimes a single digit ...
[2] neatline A line separating the main body of a map from the map's margin. On a standard quadrangle map, the neatlines are the meridians and parallels delimiting the quadrangle. [3] neck 1. A narrow stretch of land with water on each side, e.g. an isthmus or promontory. [4] 2. A narrow stretch of woodland or of ice. [4] 3.