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Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (P a CO 2) 4.7–6.0 kPa 35–45 mmHg [13] The carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO 2) is an indicator of CO 2 production and elimination: for a constant metabolic rate, the PaCO 2 is determined entirely by its elimination through ventilation. [14]
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including: dyspnea, acidosis and altered consciousness. [8] Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension. P a CO 2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in arterial blood is between 35 and 45 mmHg (4.7 and 6.0 kPa). [9] Venous blood carbon dioxide tension
Cardiac index is a critical parameter in evaluating cardiac performance and the adequacy of tissue perfusion. In healthy adults, the normal range of cardiac index is generally between 2.6 to 4.2 L/min/m². Values below this range may indicate hypoperfusion and are often seen in conditions such as heart failure, hypovolemia, and cardiogenic shock.
The alveolar oxygen partial pressure is lower than the atmospheric O 2 partial pressure for two reasons. Firstly, as the air enters the lungs, it is humidified by the upper airway and thus the partial pressure of water vapour (47 mmHg) reduces the oxygen partial pressure to about 150 mmHg.
A pulse oximeter probe applied to a person's finger. A pulse oximeter is a medical device that indirectly monitors the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring oxygen saturation directly through a blood sample) and changes in blood volume in the skin, producing a photoplethysmogram that may be further processed into other measurements. [4]
Alveolar carbon dioxide tension, or partial pressure: P v O 2: Oxygen tension of mixed venous blood: P (A-a) O 2: Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference. The term formerly used (A-a D O 2) is discouraged. P (a/A) O 2: Alveolar-arterial tension ratio; P a O 2:P A O 2 The term oxygen exchange index describes this ratio. C (a-v) O 2 ...
Women with the highest levels of LDL cholesterol had a 36% higher risk for heart disease compared with those with the lowest levels. The highest levels of Lp(a) indicated a 33% elevated risk, and ...
Conditions such as pulmonary embolism and congenital heart disease, which affect perfusion of the lung, do not, in themselves, affect the shape of the curve, but greatly affect the relationship between expired CO 2 and arterial blood CO 2. Capnography can also be used to measure carbon dioxide production, a measure of metabolism. Increased CO