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Immunologic pregnancy tests were introduced in 1960 when Wide and Gemzell presented a test based on in-vitro hemagglutination inhibition. This was a first step away from in-vivo pregnancy testing [40] [41] and initiated a series of improvements in pregnancy testing leading to the contemporary at-home testing. [41]
The rabbit test became a widely used bioassay (animal-based test) to test for pregnancy. The term "rabbit test" was first recorded in 1949, and was the origin of a common euphemism, "the rabbit died", for a positive pregnancy test. [4] The phrase was, in fact, based on a common misconception about the test.
Blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy by 11 and 14 days, respectively, after fertilization. [78] [79] Blood pregnancy tests are more sensitive than urine tests (giving fewer false negatives). [80] Home pregnancy tests are urine tests, and normally detect a pregnancy 12 to 15 days after fertilization. [81]
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the size of a fetal red blood cell is 1.22 times that of an adult red blood cell; the KB stain is known to have a mean success rate of 92% in detecting fetal red blood cells; in a woman at or near term in her pregnancy, the mean volume of maternal red blood cells is approximately 1800 ml; the mean fetal hematocrit is 50%; and
During this method of prenatal testing, a sample of chorionic villi is removed from the placenta to be tested. This test is performed 10–13 weeks into pregnancy and results are ready 7–14 days after the test was done. [18] Another test using blood taken from the fetal umbilical cord is percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling.
Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy in which there is high blood pressure and either large amounts of protein in the urine or other organ dysfunction. Pre-eclampsia is routinely screened for during prenatal care. Onset may be before, during, or rarely, after delivery. Around 1% of women with eclampsia die. [medical citation needed]
The test was developed by Leonard Apt (1922–2013), [3] an American pediatric ophthalmologist. The test was originally used to identify the source of bloody stools in newborn infants. It has been modified to distinguish fetal from maternal hemoglobin in blood samples from any source. [4]
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