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Episodes of vasovagal syncope are typically recurrent and usually occur when the predisposed person is exposed to a specific trigger. Before losing consciousness, the individual frequently experiences early signs or symptoms such as lightheadedness, nausea, the feeling of being extremely hot or cold (accompanied by sweating), ringing in the ears, an uncomfortable feeling in the heart, fuzzy ...
As exposure continues, it is expected that the phobic response will become less pronounced, and symptoms less debilitating. [12] While AT targets the phobia's physiological response, aiming to raise blood pressure and directly prevent fainting, AR focuses mainly on helping an individual avoid the phobia's associated anxiety.
Severe cases of this fear can cause physical reactions that are uncommon in most other fears, specifically vasovagal syncope (fainting). [1] Similar reactions can also occur with trypanophobia and traumatophobia. For this reason, these phobias are categorized as blood-injection-injury phobia by the DSM-IV. [2]
Baseline vagal tone can be used either as a potential predictor of behavior or as a signal of mental health (particularly emotion regulation, anxiety, and internalizing and externalizing disorders). [28] [29] The polyvagal theory by Porges is an influential model of how the vagal pathways respond to novelty and to stressful external stimuli.
Heat syncope occurs when heat exposure causes decreased blood volume and peripheral vasodilatation. [28] Position changes, especially during vigorous exercise in the heat, may lead to decreased blood flow to the brain. [28] Closely related to other causes of syncope related to hypotension (low blood pressure) such as orthostatic syncope. [9]
[22] [23] Any therapy that endorses relaxation methods may be contraindicated for the treatment of fear of needles as this approach encourages a drop in blood pressure that only enhances the vasovagal reflex. In response to this, graded exposure approaches can include a coping component relying on applied tension as a way to prevent ...
Long-term studies have shown that response to VNS increases over time. For instance, a study that followed 74 patients for 10–17 years found a seizure frequency reduction of 50-90% in 38.4%, 51.4%, 63.6% and 77.8% of patients at 1-, 2-, 10- and 17-years following implantation, respectively. [ 23 ]
Causes: Hypotension, hypoglycaemia, arrhythmia, anaemia, hypokalaemia, thrombosis, water intoxication, dehydration: Risk factors: Poor dietary or diabetic management, genetic predisposition to cardiac arrhythmia: Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms. Some thrombotic pre-syncope may be indicated by a troponin serum level. Treatment: Dependent on ...