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Nickel allergy rates in Europe have decreased, though it is still the most common contact allergy. [1] Regulation is generally inadequate, given the amount of the social and economic harm caused by metal allergies. [1] Regulation encouraged use of metals other than nickel, and that caused more cases of allergies to other metals.
Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis include: nickel allergy, 14K or 18K gold, Balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae), and chromium. In the Americas they include the oily, urushiol-containing coating from plants of the genus Toxicodendron: poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. Millions of cases occur each year in North America alone. [10]
Nickel allergy often takes the form of nickel allergic contact dermatitis (Ni-ACD), a form of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Ni-ACD typically causes a rash that is red and itchy and that may be bumpy or scaly. The main treatment for it is avoiding contact with nickel-releasing metals, such as inexpensive jewelry.
A patch test (contact delayed hypersensitivity allergy test) [17] is a commonly used examination to determine the exact cause of an allergic contact dermatitis. According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, "patch testing is the gold standard for contact allergen identification". [2]
A study (Stejskal, et al., 1999) of 930 patients with CFS-like symptoms showed 62% testing MELISA-positive to metal allergy. Of those who removed the offending metals, 76% improved, but there was no placebo control. Metal hypersensitivity is not widely recognized by researchers as an accepted cause of CFS or multiple sclerosis. [citation needed]
Argyria or argyrosis is a condition caused by excessive exposure to chemical compounds of the element silver, or silver dust. [1] The most dramatic symptom of argyria is that the skin turns blue or blue-gray, and is usually most prominent in sun-exposed areas of the skin.
Trace metals within the human body include iron, lithium, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese and others. [1] [2] [3] Some of the trace metals are needed by living organisms to function properly and are depleted through the expenditure of energy by various metabolic processes of living organisms.
The river water was contaminated with toxic metals including arsenic, copper, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and thallium. [2] Cleanup costs may exceed $1.2 billion. [3] A toxic heavy metal is a common but misleading term for a metal-like element noted for its potential toxicity. [4]