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For instance, a case control study in Australia on the long-term impact of abuse reported significant associations between child sexual abuse and experiencing rape, sexual and mental health problems, domestic violence and other problems in intimate relationships even after accounting for various family background characteristics. [13]
Men and women reported similar prevalences for each ACE, with the exception of sexual abuse (17.2% for women and 6.7% for men), living with a mentally ill household member (22.0% for women and 16.7% for men), and living with a substance-abusing family member (30.6% for women and 27.5% for men).
While society targets secondary victimization mainly towards women, male victims can also feel shameful, or experience a loss of purity. [36] Secondary victimization is the re-traumatization of the sexual assault, abuse, or rape victim through the responses of individuals and institutions.
According to research conducted in Australia by Kelly Richards on child sexual abuse, 35.1% of female victims were abused by another male relative and 16.4% of male victims were abused by another male relative. Male relatives were found to be the most relevant predators in the case of both gender. [157]
Sexual victimization of juveniles plays a strong role in developing their sexually abusive behavior. According to an analysis of the relationship between sexual behavior problems and child sexual abuse done by Darkness to Light, children who have been sexually abused have more than three times as many sexual behavior problems as children who have not been sexually abused. [4]
Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide. [15] Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men. [16] Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens.
In Zimbabwe, a retrospective study of reported cases of child sexual abuse over an 8-year period (1990 to 1997) found high rates of sexual abuse committed by teachers in rural primary schools. Many of the victims were girls between 11 and 13 years of age and penetrative sex was the most prevalent type of sexual abuse. [52]
Because of gender expectations, being a male child victim of sexual abuse can lead to: [52] Pressure to prove his manhood physically and sexually (becoming stronger and engaging in dangerous or violent behavior; having multiple female sexual partners). Confusion over gender and sexual identity. Sense of being an inadequate man.