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A mandrake is the root of a plant, historically derived either from plants of the genus Mandragora (in the family Solanaceae) found in the Mediterranean region, or from other species, such as Bryonia alba (the English mandrake, in the family Cucurbitaceae) or the American mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum in the family Berberidaceae) which have similar properties.
The names autumn mandrake and Mediterranean mandrake are then used. [3] Whatever the circumscription, Mandragora officinarum is a perennial herbaceous plant with ovate leaves arranged in a rosette, a thick upright root, often branched, and bell-shaped flowers followed by yellow or orange berries .
Mandragora is a plant genus belonging to the nightshade family ().Members of the genus are known as mandrakes.Between three and five species are placed in the genus. The one or two species found around the Mediterranean constitute the mandrake of ancient writers such as Dioscorides.
Bryonia cretica, also known as Cretan bryony or English mandrake is a perennial species of Bryonia. [2]Its flowers bloom in the summer and usually grow between 3 and 5mm. Its fruit, which is not for human consumption, can normally be harvested at any time except in late winter.
Mandragora turcomanica, the Turkmenian mandrake, [3] is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to the Köpet Dag mountains in Turkmenistan and one location in neighbouring Iran. It differs from the mandrakes found around the Mediterranean (Mandragora autumnalis and/or Mandragora officinarum) chiefly by being larger.
In 1753, in the first edition of Species Plantarum, Carl Linnaeus described a single species, Mandragora officinarum, for plants found around the Mediterranean. [8] [9] Jackson and Berry (1979) [10] and Ungricht et al. (1998) [4] have documented the subsequent confusion over the number of Mediterranean species of Mandragora and their scientific names.
Mandragora caulescens, the Himalayan mandrake, [3] is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae, native to the Himalayas and mountainous regions of Myanmar and south-west China. One of the differences from the other species of Mandragora is that it has a stem, whereas they are stemless.
Mandrake has deliriant and anticholinergic properties. [124] Ergine. Some Mirabilis spp. Possibly contains ergine [citation needed], a hallucinogen. Mitragynine, Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl. Mitragyna speciosa. Usually referred to as kratom. Has opioid-like and stimulant properties. [141] Myristicin. Myristica fragrans. Nutmeg: Aporphine. Nelumbo ...