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The rates of fat embolism in long bone fractures vary from 1% to 30%. The mortality rate of fat-embolism syndrome is approximately 10–20%. [ 7 ] However, fat globules have been detected in 67% of those with orthopaedic trauma and can reach as high as 95% if the blood is sampled near the fracture site.
Fat embolism usually occurs when endogenous (from sources within the organism) fat tissue escapes into the blood circulation. The usual cause of fat embolism is therefore the fracture of tubular bones (such as the femur ), which will lead to the leakage of fat tissue within the bone marrow into ruptured vessels.
Early total care (ETC) became widespread in the 1980s, when studies showed early definitive fixation of long bone fractures lead to better outcomes, with a reduction in incidence of secondary ARDS, fat embolism and sepsis. [1]
Open fractures of long bones may cause subsequent damage to surrounding tissue resulting in compartment syndrome. Additionally there is potential for fat embolism development, both requiring acute intervention.
Dysbaric osteonecrosis or DON is a form of avascular necrosis where there is death of a portion of the bone that is thought to be caused by nitrogen (N 2) embolism (blockage of the blood vessels by a bubble of nitrogen coming out of solution) in divers. [1] Although the definitive pathologic process is poorly understood, there are several ...
a history of long-term intravenous therapy [1] (for air embolism) Bone fracture (for fat embolism ) [ 4 ] A septal defect of the heart makes it possible for paradoxical embolization , which happens when a clot in a vein enters the right side of the heart and passes through a hole into the left side.
Purtscher's retinopathy may also be associated with acute pancreatitis, vasculitis, embolization of such materials as fat and amniotic fluid, [8] systemic lupus erythematosus, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and chronic kidney failure. [3] Purtscher's retinopathy may be caused by extensive fractures of the long bones. [9]
A femoral fracture is a bone fracture that involves the femur. They are typically sustained in high-impact trauma, such as car crashes , due to the large amount of force needed to break the bone. Fractures of the diaphysis , or middle of the femur, are managed differently from those at the head, neck, and trochanter ; those are conventionally ...