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Viral transformation is the change in growth, phenotype, or indefinite reproduction of cells caused by the introduction of inheritable material. Through this process, a virus causes harmful transformations of an in vivo cell or cell culture .
To enter the cells, proteins on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where replication of the viral genome may commence.
The nucleotide sequence of an individual genome from a population (no matter which the degree of population complexity might be), can be determined either following a biological or molecular cloning event or by deep sequencing of entire viral genomes, in a manner that mutation linkage (assignment of different mutations to the same genome molecule) can be established.
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is ...
Viral evolution is an important aspect of the epidemiology of viral diseases such as influenza (influenza virus), AIDS , and hepatitis (e.g. HCV). The rapidity of viral mutation also causes problems in the development of successful vaccines and antiviral drugs , as resistant mutations often appear within weeks or months after the beginning of a ...
In the lytic cycle, the viral DNA exists as a separate free floating molecule within the bacterial cell, and replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA, whereas in the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is integrated into the host genome. This is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Stem loop 1 (SL1) (also referred to as HIV-1_DIS) consists of a conserved hairpin structure with a palindromic loop sequence which was predicted and confirmed by mutagenesis. [13] This palindromic loop is known as the primary dimer initiation site (DIS) as it is believed to promote dimerization of the viral genome through formation of a ...
There are more than 2.3 million unique viral sequences in GenBank. [11] Recently, NGS has surpassed traditional Sanger as the most popular approach for generating viral genomes. [11] During the 1997 avian influenza outbreak, viral sequencing determined that the influenza sub-type originated through reassortment between quail and poultry.